Free Essays on Sources Of International Law

Between the various sources of International Law there exists an obvious hierarchy, in which treaty holds undisputed authority. Discuss. In an international system typified by the sovereign equality of states, above which exists no legislator or enforcer, much of international law emanates from the rules such states choose to be bound by. Treaties are a common method of doing this, but they are not the only one. Other sources of international law exist, and to suggestions that treaties hold undisputed authority are false. This essay shall begin with examining the statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). This Article indicates three primary sources of international law and some subsidiary sources. This will be followed by a brief description of each of the three main sources. Section 2 asserts that customary law holds equal status to treaty amongst the sources. This is seen through the operation of two principle maxims of interpretation; lex posterior derogat priori and lex specialis derogat generali. It will be shown that these maxims give preference to neither treaty nor custom, but treat them equally. Se ction 3 shall examine the concept of jus cogens norms in International Law. It shall be seen through both theoretical discussion and case law that jus cogens norms override both conventional (treaty) and customary law. They are principles that allow no derogation and nullify any treaty or custom with which there is conflict. However, it will be noted that the potential problems and difficulties associated with jus cogens norms has meant significant development has not been achieved. Nevertheless, it is seen how jus cogens norms sit atop the hierarchy of sources. Section 4 shall examine the source of law known as ‘General principles’. It shall be seen that though commonly and rightly considered to be subsidiary to conventional and customary law, this category can have implications which may limit their superiority. Ce... Free Essays on Sources Of International Law Free Essays on Sources Of International Law Between the various sources of International Law there exists an obvious hierarchy, in which treaty holds undisputed authority. Discuss. In an international system typified by the sovereign equality of states, above which exists no legislator or enforcer, much of international law emanates from the rules such states choose to be bound by. Treaties are a common method of doing this, but they are not the only one. Other sources of international law exist, and to suggestions that treaties hold undisputed authority are false. This essay shall begin with examining the statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). This Article indicates three primary sources of international law and some subsidiary sources. This will be followed by a brief description of each of the three main sources. Section 2 asserts that customary law holds equal status to treaty amongst the sources. This is seen through the operation of two principle maxims of interpretation; lex posterior derogat priori and lex specialis derogat generali. It will be shown that these maxims give preference to neither treaty nor custom, but treat them equally. Se ction 3 shall examine the concept of jus cogens norms in International Law. It shall be seen through both theoretical discussion and case law that jus cogens norms override both conventional (treaty) and customary law. They are principles that allow no derogation and nullify any treaty or custom with which there is conflict. However, it will be noted that the potential problems and difficulties associated with jus cogens norms has meant significant development has not been achieved. Nevertheless, it is seen how jus cogens norms sit atop the hierarchy of sources. Section 4 shall examine the source of law known as ‘General principles’. It shall be seen that though commonly and rightly considered to be subsidiary to conventional and customary law, this category can have implications which may limit their superiority. Ce...

10 Experiential Writing Prompts

10 Experiential Writing Prompts 10 Experiential Writing Prompts 10 Experiential Writing Prompts By Mark Nichol Write about what you know that’s one of the fundamental nuggets of wisdom for writers. â€Å"But I don’t know anything worth writing about!† you protest. You don’t? Anything is worth writing about if the writer finds something engaging about the subject. Try these writing exercises based on firsthand observation: 1. Read the titles of books you own or those at the library or a bookstore. Create a story based on one or more titles or words therein. 2. Watch an unfamiliar TV show or movie with the volume turned down and invent a story based on the setting and/or the characters. 3. Look up names in a baby book or on a baby-names website. (Yes, of course there are baby-name websites.) Create characters based on interesting names you find there, and build a story around them. 4. Research historical figures on Wikipedia or in some other reference resource. Write about a fictional episode in their life perhaps a chance meeting with another famous person (before or after they became famous) or assign some invented secret to their life and write about it. 5. Randomly look up words in a dictionary, or in any book or other publication. (Randomly select them by closing your eyes and lowering your fingertip to a page.) Create a situation or a plot around any combination of words you find (not necessarily all of them). 6. Study a painting or a photograph and write a story about the subject, whether it’s a person, a place, or a thing, or a combination of two or all three. 7. Cut words and/or pictures out of magazines, and arrange them in linear sequences or in groups or webs of relationships until you can articulate a through line of thought. Make that thought the first line of an article, poem, or story. 8. Visit a historical location a building, a site, a city and write a factual account of its history or create a story in which it features, or one inspired by it. Or do the same for any structure or location, even if it’s brand new. 9. Go to a public place and watch people (without, of course, making yourself obvious). Create backstories based on their appearance, their habits, and their communication styles. 10. Visit a zoo or an aquarium, or even a pet store or a dog run at a park, and study the animals. Develop human characters based on their characteristics and interactions, and write about these people you’ve created. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point ArcDriver License vs. Driver’s LicenseEach vs. Both

A Competency Based, Critical Review of Leadership and Management in My Essay

A Competency Based, Critical Review of Leadership and Management in My Work Organisation - Essay Example The report highlights the key learning points in these two management perspectives and evaluates their role and impact on project outcomes. Specify what you have learnt from the experience in your chosen management competences A key aspect driving the success of any enterprise is its leadership capabilities and competencies of the workforce that contribute to the realization of defined goals and objectives (Deresky, 2006). During the course of our leading and management program, I learnt the significance of individual leadership and motivation in accomplishing task goals and objectives. The theoretical aspects of our course familiarized me to the conceptual frameworks and evidences that drive individual performance in teams and factors that contribute to the efficiency of workforce. While this provided a foundation for our learning process, it was the live project work and assignment that helped me realize my individual strengths and shortcomings in my role as team-player. I came up with the idea of launching innovative training videos and online application tools through OIT (Oxford Information Training). The team was responsible for conceptualizing and framing the company’s product design, framing its marketing and financial strategies to give a distinct shape and direction to OIT’s goals and objectives. The team began with allocating roles and responsibilities to achieve this. The whole exercise provided us with new learning experience and it helped us in recognizing our potentials and limitations in our role as team players and leadership capabilities. The project highlighted my abilities in leading and managing my team members through various tasks and responsibilities. The 8 week exercise began with the conceptualization of the project idea and the key aspects that needed to be fulfilled in order to present that idea as viable and feasible to other teams. The idea to promote our company and its services on facebook was mine and the fact that others accepted it and appreciated it was a big source of motivation for me. Theoretical evidences have claimed that a true leader is one who can inspire and motivate others to adopt a single path that leads to goal fulfilment (Maxwell, 2008). I have managed to guide my team members through role allocation and delegation of tasks, besides helping them through task execution and collaborating potential issues that might have ruined the success prospects. Motivation is yet another aspect driving the performance of teams and their willingness to give their best in order to achieve the defined goals and targets (Adair, 2007). Motivation seemed lacking in some cases in our team since few members were unwilling to take certain roles and responsibilities. However, this was easily overcome with more team discussions that helped in motivating the team members to assume their roles and responsibilities. Moreover, motivation in teams, as I strongly experienced during this project contributed to creative ideas and innovative thoughts that can make the difference between success and failure of projects. The product concept involved my idea of producing a video for recruiting staff in organizations. A key aspect to be incorporated in this video was a mock interview (my idea) that will focus on dealing with inter-cultural workforce needs and behavioural forms during interviews. DeCarlo (2010) in his works on leadership and motivation identified four principles using motivation to guide innovative practices at workplace – initiating change, developing people’s desire to make a difference, creating ownership for results, and monitoring results for continued effectiveness. Motivation thus can contribute to combined efficiency at workplace and generate innovative ideas for effective results

Management in Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 6

Management in Context - Essay Example romotion of trade liberalization (World Trade Organization, 2008), the modern business trend has gradually shifted from multinationalism to globalization. Globalization is â€Å"a process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments of different countries which is driven by international trade and investment through the use of information technology.† (The Levin Institute, 2008) In other words, the concept of globalization allows business people to maximize their available financial resources by taking advantage of the low-cost products and services that are readily available from developing countries. Because of the differences in monetary exchange rate, large-scale businesses from developed countries are able to purchase more homogenous products and highly competitive human resources at a much lesser price. Globalization theorists like Giddens (2000) and Waters (1995) suggest that globalization causes â€Å"social change†. Based on this theory, this study will examine the overall impact of globalization over the role and responsibilities of modern managers. discussed: (1) the need to implement and promote a strong cultural diversity within the business organization; (2) the shift from a traditional management style to the promotion of self-efficient employees; (3) the need to continuously update one’s own learning and promote organizational learning culture; (4) the shift from authoritative or transactional leadership style to transformational leadership style; and (5) importance of selecting the best motivational strategies. Globalization opens new business opportunities by increasing the size of potential markets for existing companies. However, globalization also increases pressure in market competition. For this reason, companies today are facing new business challenges not only within the domestic markets but in a global perspective. (Jain, 2003: p. 53) The tight competition within the domestic and international markets

Bottle vs breastfeeding Essay Example for Free

Bottle vs breastfeeding Essay As a nurse, I will tell the young mother that breastfeeding is always better than bottle feeding. As a new parent, it is her responsibility to make sure her baby will get off to a good nutritional start. Breastfeeding does have its’ benefits. There is no doubt that breastfeeding contains all the nutrients your baby needs for proper growth and development. Studies prove that breast milk provides optimal health benefits for your newborn. Mothers milk is easily digested, has perfectly matched nutrition for the baby, and is filled with antibodies that protect against infection. Furthermore, breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from ear infections, diaper rash, and intestinal upsets. In addition, breast milk offers immune system boosters and fatty acids specific to humans that promote optimal brain growth. Not only does breastfeeding benefit your baby, it has many advantages for you. Breastfeeding is convenient. There is no need to get out of bed at 2 a.m. to prepare a bottle. All you have to do is hold your baby to your chest and feed. Next, breastfeeding is very economical. Since breast milk is self- produced, you dont need money to buy an endless supply of food. Last, breastfeeding is helpful in the process of returning your body to its normal state. While feeding, hormones are produced that make your organs contract into their natural size. One con about breastfeeding is that nursing is definitely time-consuming. A newborn baby typically feed every 2 to 3 hours during the day and may awaken frequently at night. Another con is breastfeeding takes a lot of energy for your body to make milk, so the mother can often feel quite fatigued. Another con is sometimes mothers have physical problems like mastitis, plugged milk ducts and engorgement if the baby is not feeding frequently or properly. If you are a working mother you might find it challenging to schedule nursings. It will be necessary to pump at work and some jobs may not allow for such breaks. 1 What if she has to return to work? Like I said, if you are a working mother, you might find it challenging to schedule nursings. It will be necessary to pump at work and some jobs may not allow for such breaks. But, to breastfeed you will have to find time  during the day, during the afternoon, during the evening, and if possible at night to pump. 2 Should people be allowed to breastfeed in public eg a restaurant? So , if you are eating in a restaurant, should your baby eat from the breast? Yes, mothers should be allowed to breastfeed in public, even at a restaurant. Breastfeeding is completely natural, and it should be acceptable. Breasts were not intended for sex; they were intended to be used to breastfeed whenever and wherever the baby needs to be fed. Yes, it may be inappropriate if an entire breast is shown, but most mothers take caution in not exposing all of themselves. They are simply trying to feed their child. 3 What if the patient is from a third world country? I would give the same advice to a third world country mother, as I would to an American mother. I would not discriminate. So, she is from a third world country, to be talking to me she is in America now and there are plenty of free nutritional programs for her and her baby to take part in. I would still advise breastfeeding her baby. 4 Is there a federal/state law that governs breastfeeding? Section 7(r) of the Fair Labor Standards Act – Break Time for Nursing Mothers Provision President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on March 30, 2010. (See the combined full text of Public Laws 111-148 and 111-152 here.) Among many provisions, Section 4207 of the law amends the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 (29 U.S. Code 207) to require an employer to provide reasonable break time for an employee to express breast milk for her nursing child for one year after the childs birth each time such employee has need to express milk. The employer is not required to compensate an employee receiving reasonable break time for any work time spent for such purpose. The employer must also provide a place, other than a bathroom, for the employee to express breast milk. If these requirements impose undue hardship, an employer that employs fewer than 50 employees is not subject to these requirements. The federal requirements shall not preempt a state law that provides greater protections to employees. http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/breastfeeding-state-laws.aspx 5 Does men have a different opinion about breastfeeding as compared to women? I could not find a difference of opinion on breastfeeding by men. I read  where most men support breastfeeding. Most men found breastfeeding to be healthier for baby and mother. Most men find that breastfeeding saves them a lot of money. Most of them do not mind their wives breastfeeding in public too. 6 Should you heat a bottle in a microwave? The microwave changes the molecular structure of whatever you heat up in there. Breastmilk has essential nutrients that your baby can benefit from so you dont want to deprive your baby from that! I would say to not take any chances. Take the extra time for the benefit of your baby and run the bottle under warm water or put it in a bowl of warm water or get a bottle warmer. It is not advised to heat up formula or breastmillk in microwave. I wouldnt risk it. (7) Should you put a child to bed with a bottle in his/her mouth? Letting your baby go to sleep in his crib with a bottle of milk or juice is not a good idea. Not only will your child come to depend on having a bottle to get to sleep, but leaving a bottle in your sleeping babys mouth can cause tooth decay. There is a chance your baby may choke and it also can be the cause of a chronic ear infection. When a baby drinks lying flat on their back the milk can flow through their ear cavity causing infection. It is not recommended to put a bottle in the crib with the baby. I suggest a pacifier. That might be a better alternative. References: Breast vs. Bottlefeeding. (2008, May 19). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:08, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/breast-vs-bottlefeeding Examine best practice in breastfeeding.. (2004, January 11). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:06, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/examine-best-practice-breastfeeding Breastfeeding and the Workplace. (2004, March 01). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:06, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/breastfeeding-and-workplace http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/breastfeeding-state-laws.aspx

Clash Of Civilizations Essay -- essays research papers

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order by Samuel P. Huntington is an extremely well written and insightful book. Samuel P. Huntington is the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor at Harvard University, director of the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, the chairman of the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies, and the president of the American Political Science Association. During the Carter administration, Huntington was the director of security planning for the National Security Council. He is also the founder and coeditor of the highly regarded international affairs publication, Foreign Policy. In 1993 Samuel P. Huntington wrote an article for the respected journal Foreign Affairs titled â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations?†. This article was very controversial and stirred up much debate among scholars, politicians, and anyone interested in the future of international affairs. His book, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, is a more detailed exploration of the ideas and predictions put forth in his article. Huntington believes that with the end of the Cold War, the world is divided along the borders of civilizations and religion rather than the boundaries of countries. He identifies eight clearly distinct civilizations: Western (the United States and western Europe), Islamic, Sinic (primarily China), Orthodox (primarily Russia), Japanese, Hindu, Latin American, and African. A pervasive presumption in the Western world is that with the fall of communism, the West has â€Å"won† and that the rest of the world will now embrace democracy and Western culture. Huntington disagrees with this presumption. In his book, Huntington shows us how civilizations and cultural identities are shaping the post-Cold War world. In the first part of the book, Huntington describes how the world has gone from being bipolar during the Cold War, to being multipolar in the post-Cold War era. During the Cold War the world was basically divided along the lines of the â€Å"democracy vs. communism† conflict. Now that the Cold War is over, lines are being drawn along various ethnic and religious lines. Huntington uses many diverse examples such as the fighting between tribes and clans in Rwanda and Somalia, the clash of ethnic groups in Bosnia, and the conflicts in Sri Lanka, India, and Sudan. Throughout his book, for each ... ... also build on the cultural commonality between European countries and the United States. Huntington also suggests that Western countries must develop economic and political ties to match their collaborated dedication to security issues. He states that an increased political and economic unity among Western nations will offset the relative decline in their share of the world’s population and economic influence. In summary, Huntington believes that the future of the world depends on understanding and cooperation between the leaders of the world’s civilizations. He is a realist and believes that clashes between civilizations will be the greatest threat to world peace and stability. Throughout â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order† Huntington gives numerous persuasive arguments to convince his audience that he is correct. Huntington has a writing style that is precise and direct. His mastery of the subject is obvious and his use of facts and examples to prove his point is very convincing. This book is a very important text and is recommended to anyone who is involved in the study of international relations or is interested in the current state of world politics.

Real Estate Reservation System Essay

And helps to easily check the availability status of various properties. The assence of system is really important to be realized by each and every business. Giving importance to it makes a big difference of somehow uplifting of improving the process of the company. Floyd and Allen (2008), In recent years, many economists have recognized that the lack of effective real estate laws can be a significant barrier to investigate in many developing countries. In most societies, rich and poor, a significant fraction of the total wealth is in the form of land and buildings. Real Estate is a piece of land, including the air above, the ground below, and any buildings of structures on it. Real Estate can include business and or residential properties and are generally sold either by a relator or directly by individual who owns property. In the Philippines, one of the growing businesses is Real Estate development. Aside from the development and rising of tall buildings and establishment in the metropolitan area, nearby provinces are now on the stage of land development with its continuous expansion in the provinces such as, Laguna, Cavite, Rizal, Bulacan, Pampanga and Batangas. Some people may benefits from knowing about Real Estate when faced with personal and business decisions relating to housing, investment and other business activities. The researchers chose this topic because it will help the Employed Citizen of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦City to know the effectiveness of Online Reservation System. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework Roosevelt (2008), Every person who invests in well-selected real estate in a growing section of a prosperous community adopts the surest and safest method of becoming independent, for real estate is the basis of wealth. The researchers chose the paradigm thru Floyd and Allen (2008) words that coordinated with the problems of this study. In order to understand the flow of the study, the researchers prepared a research paradigm. Employed Citizen of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. City Hall Yr. 2012-2013 Effectiveness Accessibility Availability Uses Investment Housing Business Activities Fig 1. Research Paradigm The purpose of this is to illustrate the effectiveness of Online Reservation System in the Employed Citizen of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. City Hall. Statement of the Problem This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Online Reservation System to the Real Estate Company, especially this study is sought to answer the following questions. 1. What are the uses of Real Estate Online Reservation System in terms of: 1. 1 Investment; 1. 2 Housing; 1. 3 Business activities? 2. Does the effectiveness of the study corresponds with the following: 2. 1 Accessibility; 2. 2 Availability? 3. Is there an effectiveness in using Online Reservation system the Employed Citizen of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. City Hall? Hypothesis

Education Vision Essay

I believe that all students should be held to the same standards of education. While there should always be accommodations for an individual student’s strengths, weaknesses and learning style, there should also be a universal set of criteria by which a student’s progress is measured. While those standards may sometimes seem exacting to the students expected to meet them, they are far less demanding than what is required of today’s workers in an economy where competition has become global. An innovative and creative spirit has become in the last twenty years something that is generally expected of everyone rather than something only expected of the exceptional, a solid foundation in the basic elements of education, math and reading have become ever-more vital to succeeding in the modern world. Where education is concerned, I have found that creativity and innovation can oftentimes be fostered by the experience of overcoming challenges and, thereby, attaining a justified belief in one’s own abilities. A student who is taught to take pride in their work and, especially, to take pride is turning a failure into a success is someone likely to succeed in a world where competition is fierce and belief in one’s self is the most advantageous thing. Where the application of standards are concerned, I believe that any leader in an educational setting must be held to high standards just as are the students. By holding myself accountable to the highest standards, I gain the legitimacy to expect the same of my students and the ability to inspire them to do more than they may have thought possible. The position of a leader is one that is at least partially earned by gaining credibility in the eyes of those whom I am charged to lead. This can best be accomplished by setting an example; by continually challenging myself with new ideas and new situations while at the same time having the conviction to stand by those practices that have proven effective over time. Having worked as a teacher and a teacher’s assistant in various settings for the past five years, I have learned that both students and educators must never loose touch with their essential humanity and that empathy must always accompany high expectations. When a student knows that their teachers understand the hardships they face but still expect them to perform at a level of excellence, the student can be assured that they are not being driven unreasonably but are only expected to perform at the level their teachers know that student can achieve. Where sympathy and lowered expectations are really forms of condescension, empathy and high expectations communicate to a student that their instructor has not only high hopes for their student, but also a sincere and justified respect for their student’s potential. I have always felt a visceral connection and genuine responsibility for the successes and failures of my students. I hope to always be there to help my students experience the satisfaction of success and of overcoming failure.

Frank Lloyd Wright Essays - Modernist Architects, Free Essays

Frank Lloyd Wright Essays - Modernist Architects, Free Essays Frank Lloyd Wright ".......having a good start not only do I fully intend to be the greatest architect who has yet lived, but fully intend to be the greatest architect who will ever live. Yes, I intend to be the greatest architect of all time." - Frank Lloyd Wright 1867-1959 CHILDHOOD Born in Richland Center, in southwestern Wisconsin, on June 8, 1867 (Sometimes reported as 1869) Frank Lincoln Wright (Changed by himself to Frank Lloyd Wright) was raised in the influence of a welsh heritage. The Lloyd-Jones family, his mother"s side of the family, had great influence on Mr. Wright throughout his life. The family was Unitary in faith and lived close to each other. Major aspects within the Lloyd-Jones family included education, religion, and nature. Wright"s family spent many evenings listening to William Lincoln Wright read the works of Emerson, Thoreau, and Blake outloud. Also his aunts Nell and Jane opened a school of their own pressing the philosophies of German educator, Froebel. Wright was brought up in a comfortable, but certainly not warm household. His father, William Carey Wright who worked as a preacher and a musician, moved from job to job, dragging his family across the United States. His parents divorced when Wright was still young. His mother Anna (Lloyd-Jones) Wright, relied heavily on upon her many brothers sisters and uncles, and was intellectually guided by his aunts and his mother. Before her son was born, Anna Wright had decided that her son was gong to be a great architect. Using Froebel"s geometric blocks to entertain and educate her son, Mrs. Wright must have struck genius her son possessed. Use of the imagination was encouraged and Wright was given free run of the playroom filled with paste, paper, and cardboard. On the door were the words, SANCTUM SANCTORUM (Latin for: place of inviolable privacy). Mr. Wright was seen as a dreamy and sensitive child, and cases of him running away while working on the farmlands with some uncles is noted. This pattern of running away continued throughout his lifetime. WRIGHT"S FIRST BREAK In 1887, at the age of twenty, Frank Lloyd Wright moved to Chicago. During the late nineteenth century, Chicago was a booming, crazy place. With an education of Engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Wright found a job as a draftsman in a Chicago architectural firm. During this short time with the firm of J. Lyman Silsbee, Wright started on his first project, the "Hillside Home" for his aunts, Nell and Jane. Impatiently moving forward, Wright got a job at one of the best known firms in Chicago at the time, Adler and Sullivan. Sullivan was to become Wright"s greatest mentor. LOUIS SULLIVAN: LIEBER MEISTER Wright Referred to Sullivan as "Lieber Meister" (beloved master). He admired his talent for ornamation, and his skill of drawing intricate plans and designs. Wright picked up on his ways of Sullivan and soon became ahead of Alder in importance within the firm. Wright"s relationship between he and his employer caused great amounts of tension between Wright and his fellow draftsmen, and as well as in-between Sullivan and Adler. Wright was assigned the residential contracts of the firm. His work soon greatend as he accepted jobs outside of the firm. When Sullivan found out about this in 1893, he called Wright on a breach of contract. Rather than to drop the "night jobs", Wright walked out of the firm. When Wright left the company, Sullivan"s quantity of contract declined quickly. Sullivan soon ran into economic troubles and his international reputation dwindled by 1920. Sullivan was soon reguarded as worthless to the architectural world. He resorted to alcoholism and died in 1924 without regaining the glory of what was held in their early years of Chicago. LIFE AFTER THE FIRM Wright quickly built up a practice in residential architecture. At one point in his career, Wright would produce 135 buildings in ten years. Wright took a different approach to architecture by designing the furniture, light fixtures, and other things that were in the structures that he made. He developed a unique type of architecture that was known as the "Prairie" style. Dominated by the horizontal line, the style would make-up the type of buildings designed in the 1900-1913 era of his career. Wright had two other distinctive styles and a period for each one of them, one being the Textile block (1917-1924) and the other the Usonian (1936-1959). In 1909 Wright took off for Europe, once again leaving a stable life, with six children, a wife and a well

Sybil Ludington, Possible Female Paul Revere

Sybil Ludington, Possible Female Paul Revere Sybil Ludington (April 5, 1761–February 26, 1839) was a young woman who lived in rural Dutchess County, New York, close to the Connecticut border, during the American Revolution. The daughter of a commander in the Dutchess County militia, 16-year-old Sybil is said to have ridden 40 miles into what is today Connecticut to warn members of her fathers militia that the British were about to attack their neighborhood. Fast Facts: Sybil Ludington Known For: Warning the Colonial militia that the British were comingBorn: April 5, 1761 in Fredericksburg, New YorkParents: Col. Henry Ludington and Abigail LudingtonDied: February 26, 1839 in Unadilla, New YorkEducation: UnknownSpouse: Edmond OgdenChildren: Henry Ogden Early Life Sybil Ludington was born on April 5, 1761, in Fredericksburg, New York, the eldest of 12 children of Henry and Abigail Ludington. Sybils father (1739–1817) was a prominent figure in Fredericksburg- he had taken part in the Battle of Lake George in 1755 and served in the French and Indian War. He owned about 229 acres of undeveloped land in what is today New York State, and he was a mill owner. As a farmer and mill owner in Patterson, New York, Ludington was a community leader and volunteered to serve as the local militia commander as war with the British loomed. His wife Abigail (1745–1825) was a cousin; they married on May 1, 1760. As the eldest daughter, Sybil (spelled Sibel or Sebel in documentary records) assisted with childcare. Her ride in support of the war effort is said to have taken place on April 26, 1777. Sybils Ride According to the story as reported in a 1907 biography of Colonel Ludington, on Saturday night, April 26, 1777, a messenger arrived at Colonel Ludingtons home, saying that the town of Danbury had been burned by the British, and the militia was needed to furnish the troops for General Gold Selleck Silliman (1732–1790). The members of Ludingtons militia were scattered in their homes, and the Colonel needed to stay at his residence to muster the troops. He told Sybil to ride for the men and tell them to be at his house by daybreak. She did, riding on a horse with a mans saddle, bearing the news of the sack of Danbury. By daybreak, nearly the whole regiment was mustered at her fathers house and they went out to fight the battle. Mapping the Ride In the 1920s, historians of the Enoch Crosby Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) mapped the possible route of Sybils ride using a list of the locations of the militia members and a contemporary map of the region. It was estimated to have been about 40 miles, three times as long as that of Paul Reveres ride. By some accounts, she traveled on her horse, Star, through the towns of Carmel, Mahopac, and Stormville, in the middle of the night, in a rainstorm, on muddy roads, shouting that the British were burning Danbury and calling out the militia to assemble at Ludingtons home. The 400-some troops were not able to save the supplies and the town at Danbury- the British seized or destroyed food and munitions and burned the town- but they were able to stop the British advance and push them back to their boats, in the Battle of Ridgefield on April 27, 1777. Becoming a Heroine The earliest report of Sybils ride we have is from over a century later, an 1880 account in a book named History of the City of New York: Its Origin, Rise and Progress by Martha J. Lamb. Lamb said she had gotten her information from the family and had used a wide array of correspondence and interviews with private individuals, as well as genealogical references. The 1907 reference cited above is a biography of Colonel Ludington, written by historian Willis Fletcher Johnson and privately published by Ludingtons grandchildren, Lavinia Ludington and Charles Henry Ludington. Sybils ride only takes up two pages (89–90) of the 300-page book. The surmised route for the ride was marked by historical markers to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the American Revolution: theyre still there today, and theres a tale about the existence of Sybils Oak and that her horse was called Star. Writer Vincent Dacquino reports that according to records assembled in the 1930s, George Washington visited the Ludingtons to thank Sybil, but letters describing that visit were lost even then. Legacy of Sybil Ludington In a 2005 article, historian Paula Hunt tracked down the available information about Sybil, and describes the growth of the story in importance throughout the 20th century, setting its various meanings within the context of current events. In the Victorian era, the American Revolution was an important meme about nativism: groups like the DAR (established in 1890), the Colonial Dames of America (1890), and the Mayflower Descendants (1897)  all were situating descendants of people in the original 13 colonies as real Americans, in comparison to new immigrants. During the Great Depression, Sybils ride became an icon of the ability for ordinary people to perform extraordinary feats during times of adversity. In the 1980s, she represented the growing feminist movement, highlighting the way womens roles in history have been forgotten or downplayed. When those tales compared her favorably to Paul Revere (three times as long as Reveres ride, and she wasnt captured by the British), the story was attacked as fraudulent and feminist-biased: in 1996, the DAR refused to put a marker on her grave establishing her has a recognized patriot. The group eventually changed its mind in 2003. Its a Great Story, But... Sybil Ludington was a real person, but whether her ride happened or not has been debated. Since the original publication of the tale nearly a century after it is said to have occurred, Sybils story has been embellished: there are numerous childrens books, television programs, and poems written about her. A 4,000-pound sculpture of her ride was erected on the shores of Lake Gleneida in 1961, a U.S. postage stamp featuring her was issued in 1975, an episode of the PBS TV Series Libertys Kids featured her; and there has even been a musical and an opera performing her story. The Annual Sybil Ludington 50 / 25 K Run has been held in Carmel, New York every year since 1979. As Paula Hunt puts it, the Sybil story, whether it actually happened or not, indicates that people are, despite their reputation, interested in the past. Sybils ride has become a dramatic origin myth about American identity, as a heritage and as civic engagement, it embodies courage, individuality, and loyalty. Marriage and Death Sybil herself married Edmond (sometimes recorded as Edward or Henry) Ogden on October 21, 1784, and afterward lived in Unadilla, New York. Edmond was a sergeant in the Connecticut regiment; he died on September 16, 1799. They had one son, Henry Ogden, who became a lawyer and a New York State Assemblyman. Sybil applied for a widows pension in April 1838 but was turned down because she couldnt provide evidence of their marriage; she died in Unadilla on February 26, 1839. Sources Dacquino, Vincent T. Patriot Hero of the Hudson Valley: The Life and Ride of Sybil Ludington. Charleston SC: The History Press, 2019.  Sybil Ludington. Forgotten Voices. JCTVAccess KJLU’s News Department, YouTube, February 19, 2018.Hunt, Paula D. Sybil Ludington, the Female Paul Revere: The Making of a Revolutionary War Heroine. The New England Quarterly 88.2 (2015): 187–222.Johnson, Willis Fletcher. Colonel Henry Ludington: A Memoir. New York: Lavinia Ludington and Charles Henry Ludington, 1907.

Billboards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Billboards - Essay Example Panels come in several sizes, named according to the number f sheets f paper originally needed to cover them, such as 8-sheets and 30-sheets. Posters are found mostly in populated areas, in or near cities and towns. Painted bulletins are larger boards situated along highways and major roads. Their name refers to the fact that they were originally painted by hand at the site. (Greenwire 1-7) In Central London, putting messages on outdoor boards used to be extremely labor-intensive. The sheets for poster panels were pasted onto the board while bulletins were hand-painted. Both were created either at the board site or at a central location within the market or region. Because this had to be done in each market, differences resulted in the look f the message from one market to another (and even one site to another within the market). Today, thanks to computer technology, poster panel messages are created electronically and then shipped either in one piece or in sections to the board site. Bulletins still tend to be hand painted, but computers are now used to make sure that the finished product looks identical across boards. Today, bulletins are often created using other materials, such as lithography or special stretch vinyl. (Nadeau 29-29) When we see towards changes in billboards in Las Vegas, in the past 40 years the ind... So you won't see any billboards in Hawaii or Vermont, for example. Unlike other media that have editorial material too, outdoor billboards exist solely for advertising messages. They are primarily a local medium, bought on a market-by-market basis, but are used by both national and local advertisers. The type f business using the medium has changed considerably in the past 20 years. For many years, the biggest category f advertiser was the tobacco industry, but in 1999, legislation was passed prohibiting the advertising f tobacco messages on any outdoor billboards. (Gregory 80-84) This not only had a significant impact on the tobacco industry, it freed up many high-profile and well-positioned billboards across the country for other advertisers who had never been able to buy that space because the tobacco companies had long term deals with the billboard companies. Today, you are far more likely to see billboards from local retailers, the travel industry, or health care providers than you would have even 5 years ago. (Greenwire 1-7) With outdoor billboards you can tailor your message to members f a particular ethnic group using their own language or culture yet still reach a mass audience within a specific market. You can buy space in areas with heavy concentrations f Hispanic people, for example, reaching them where they live, work, and shop. It is harder to reach a large portion f these groups with traditionally "Anglo" television or magazines. Furthermore, it is valuable to be able to reach nonnative English speakers in their first language, whatever language that might be. (Gerfen 50-51) Outdoor advertising is a good supplementary medium, helping to add reach and frequency to a media schedule at reasonable